How does oil exploration threaten tundra habitats?

Oil exploration threatens tundra habitats primarily by disrupting animal habitats. In tundra regions, which are characterized by their fragile ecosystems, the introduction of oil exploration activities can lead to significant disturbances. These disturbances can include noise pollution from machinery, the construction of roads and drilling sites, and potential spills that could harm local flora and fauna.

Wildlife species in the tundra, such as caribou, polar bears, and various bird species, rely on their habitat for foraging, breeding, and migration. When oil exploration alters these habitats, it can lead to displacement of species, increased stress levels, and potential decline in populations due to reduced access to food or breeding areas. The tundra's ecosystem is not easily recoverable from these disruptions, meaning that the impacts can be long-lasting.

In contrast, the other options either present situations that are unlikely or do not pertain directly to the threats posed by oil exploration in tundra environments.