What causes the heat island effect in urban areas?

The heat island effect in urban areas is primarily caused by the increased temperature due to urban development. Urban areas often have a high density of buildings, roads, and other infrastructures that absorb and retain heat more than natural landscapes do. Materials commonly used in cities, such as asphalt and concrete, have a high thermal mass, which means they can absorb heat during the day and release it slowly at night, resulting in higher overall temperatures compared to surrounding rural areas.

Additionally, urban environments typically feature less vegetation, which reduces shade and the cooling effects of transpiration from plants. This combination of heat-absorbing materials and reduced vegetation leads to noticeable temperature differences between urban and rural areas, contributing to the heat island effect. This phenomenon not only affects local climates but can also impact energy consumption, air quality, and human health.