What characterizes primary succession?

Primary succession is characterized by the process that occurs in previously uninhabited areas, where there is no soil or life present initially. This typically happens after disturbances such as volcanic eruptions, glacial retreats, or the creation of new landforms, where the environment is barren and devoid of organic matter. In these situations, the succession begins with pioneer species, which are often small plants or lichens that can survive in such harsh conditions.

This contrasts with secondary succession, which takes place in areas that have been disturbed but where soil and some organisms still exist, such as after a forest fire or agricultural clearing. Since primary succession starts from scratch, it involves the gradual development of soil and habitat that leads to more complex ecosystems over a long period. The process is relatively slow and involves several stages, including the establishment of pioneer species, followed by the development of more complex plant communities over time.

The other options do not accurately define primary succession; for example, stating that it requires existing soil is true for secondary succession but not for primary. Additionally, primary succession is not a quick process and can take many years to reach a climax community.