What international agreement requires developed countries to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions?

The Kyoto Protocol is the international agreement that specifically establishes legally binding commitments for developed countries to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions. Adopted in 1997 and entering into force in 2005, the Protocol recognizes that developed nations have historically contributed more to greenhouse gas emissions and therefore assigns them specific targets for reduction. This framework was a crucial step in global efforts to combat climate change, emphasizing the principle of "common but differentiated responsibilities," which acknowledges the varying capabilities and responsibilities of nations concerning environmental protection.

The Kyoto Protocol sets quantitative emission reduction targets for participating countries, promoting a global cooperative approach to tackling climate change issues. In contrast, while the Paris Agreement also addresses greenhouse gas emissions, it does so with voluntary commitments that are not legally binding for all countries. The Montreal Protocol focuses on the phasing out of ozone-depleting substances, and the Rio Declaration outlines principles for sustainable development but does not impose specific emission reduction targets.