Which of the following best describes urban ecosystems?

Urban ecosystems are complex environments that can encompass both natural elements, such as parks, rivers, and trees, as well as man-made or artificial components, like buildings, streets, and other infrastructure. This dual nature is essential for understanding how these ecosystems function. They integrate human activity with biological processes, showing that urban areas are not merely concrete jungles devoid of nature, but rather dynamic systems where living organisms, including plants, animals, and microorganisms, interact with human-created environments.

This understanding highlights the importance of preserving green spaces and biodiversity within city limits, as these elements contribute to the overall health and sustainability of urban areas, providing benefits such as cleaner air, improved mental health, and recreational opportunities. By recognizing that urban ecosystems can be both natural and artificial, it reinforces the need for urban planning to consider ecological impacts and foster biodiversity even in built environments.